For the processing efficiency of large-scale data exchange in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a processing model of data exchange was designed and implemented based on thread pool and message-oriented middleware technology. The model automatically created data exchange tasks on the basis of calling data interfaces and recording the feedback information of interface. The message-oriented middleware was used to save the feedback information quickly and the thread pool with reasonable parameters was used to realize the concurrency control of data exchange tasks. Simulation results show that, compared with the traditional data exchange method, the model can greatly improve the processing efficiency while ensuring the stability.