The key to solve the problem of tracing the source of sudden water pollution in rivers is to determine its discharge time, location, and total amount. This study proposes two models which can quickly and accurately determine these three factors of heavy metal pollution sources and obtain the list of pollution sources through GIS. This study determines the dynamic analytical solution for the spatiotemporal changes of heavy metal pollutants in one-dimensional rivers, through the study of the hydrological and water quality of rivers and the characteristics of heavy metal pollutants. At the same time, a spatial-temporal traceability model of pollutants and a total pollutant discharge model are constructed, and this models are solved using the improved AFSA algorithm. The research results show that the algorithm enables the model to obtain the results of the three parameters more quickly and accurately, and then passes the results through the proposed method and uses GIS technology to provide the relevant staff with a probabilistic checklist of pollution source enterprises more quickly and accurately. The methods and models proposed in this study have certain guiding significance for water pollution treatment and protection of the water environment.