Aimed at the problem that the present precise positioning technology of coal mine is not mature, a real-time positioning system of locomotives based on acceleration sensor is presented. On the foundation of locomotives of its information and scheduling information combined, the system introduced the positioning principle and concrete implementation scheme. It also analyzed the three key techniques for realizing this system: the acceleration sensor calculating the shift accurately, judging the driving direction accurately, the low bit error rate of wireless transmission. And it solved the key technique problems through designing and improving the correlation algorithms. In addition, the feasibility of the system is proved through simulation and testing experiments.