In recent decades, computer hardware performance and software scale technology have greatly changed, and they have been involved in all aspects of human social life and production. The rapid development of computer technology has also brought about the concern of program security issues. Since there is a large amount of legacy software on the market, which is unmaintained and lacks source code support, people are worried about its security. As a result, binary analysis techniques are used to address security issues of this kind of software. Furthermore, the techniques can be classified as follows according to their detection ways: static binary code analysis techniques, dynamic binary code analysis techniques, and dynamic and static binary code analysis techniques. This study reviews the recent research on binary code security analysis, describes the main approaches in the above three techniques, and introduces the key techniques in detail.