Due to the environment and human activities, the growth and distribution of vegetation has a great change in the middle reaches of the Tarim River. We can monitoring the vegetation growth and distribution in the middle reaches of the Tarim River to provide a scientific and reliable basis for the enactment of the ecological conservation policy and vegetation protection in the middle reaches of the Tarim River. This paper adopts the object-oriented Geodatabase model, using geographic information system (GIS) to analysis spatial data and attribute data of the middle reaches of the Tarim River, selecting the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 2000, 2006, 2010, 2015 as the research data which is calculated through the remote sensing image processing platform ENVI, using ArcGIS for the research of the spatial distribution characteristics of NDVI. This paper designs a vegetation index spatial database based on Geodatabase for middle reaches of Tarim River to accomplish the integration of storage and management of spatial data and attribute data. This spatial database can reflect the changes of vegetation growth and distribution directly in the study area.